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While this explicitly anti-racist approach was pioneered by Drusilla Dunjee Houston in her 1926 book Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire, and was carried on by scholars such as Cheikh Anta Diop, its implications for ancient studies have become most apparent since Martin Bernal published his extremely influential and controversial multi-volume book Black Athena in the 1980s. (ALR, 2020)Īfrocentrism is a movement in the humanities to focalize – rather than view as an object, responder, or colonized subject – the African continent. These sources also introduce frameworks that are innovative and compelling, and even when they do not directly address the ancient world, still provide powerful suggestions and tools for doing so. The sources included were chosen for the example they provide of how one may conduct a research project regarding material as political and obscured as race, without sacrificing rigorous and tangible investigation.

The bibliography opens with the question, “How can we conceptualize race in the ancient world?”, with each subheading providing possible answers in the form of theories, methodologies, genres, and innovations that are not necessarily Classical but speak to cultural dynamics in antiquity. The following bibliography aims to fill this gap in the discussion of race in antiquity, creating an accessible and coherent list of sources from various disciplines that seek to explicate some facet of race, racialization, racism, and ethnic identity in the ancient world. If race is not just one thing, then the methods used to approach it cannot be either. The absence of scholarship on race has delimited the potential of Classics and fettered its intellectual relevance and position in the modern academy. Yet this instability has long justified the exclusion of race’s critical examination, discussion, and pedagogy in the study of the texts, arts, and artifacts of antiquity.

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It is a composite identity not imparted on someone by innate biology but encoded through a series of political, cultural, social, geographical, and moral metamorphoses. This site curates a selection of books, articles, and resources that Barnard and Columbia students of the Ancient Mediterranean have found helpful in answering the question: How can we better understand the complexities of racialization and ethnic identity in the past? It was initiated by Aditi Rao (BC '21) and is now carried forward by Thandiwe Knox ('BC 25)

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